{"id":228,"date":"2019-10-16T15:28:40","date_gmt":"2019-10-16T15:28:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/?page_id=228"},"modified":"2019-12-03T03:42:38","modified_gmt":"2019-12-03T03:42:38","slug":"early-record-companies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/","title":{"rendered":"Early Record Companies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Columbia Phonograph Companies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">As the popularity of the coin-in-slot phonograph rose in the 1880s and 1890s, requests began to form from showmen for records of songs and instrumental music. This demand gave birth to the first &#8220;modern&#8221; record company, the <strong>Columbia Phonograph Company<\/strong>, who produced wax cylinders. [1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1  aligncenter wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"465\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/11163.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"478\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/11163\/\" class=\"wp-image-478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/11163.jpg 640w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/11163-300x218.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong> The Columbia Phonograph Co. at 550 Congress Street at the corner of Congress and Oak streets in Portland<\/strong>, <strong>1912.<\/strong> <br>&#8220;Columbia Phonograph Co., Portland, ca. 1912&#8221; Maine Memory Network. Accessed October 29, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mainememory.net\/artifact\/11163\">https:\/\/www.mainememory.net\/artifact\/11163<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Copyright Act of 1909<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because other music-playing and visual devices, including the player piano, but also the nickelodeon and movie theaters, were more centered in public focus than the phonograph, regulations at the time acted in favor of the soon-to-be jukebox. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copyright law in the United States had not been modified since 1790.  At this point, President Theodore Roosevelt would argue that &#8220;[United States] copyright laws urgently [needed] revision,&#8221; as current laws carried no provisions regarded the reproduction of materials. [2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"309\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/500px-Tom_Bells_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg_.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"482\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/500px-tom_bells_graph_showing_extension_of_u-s-_copyright_term_over_time-svg_\/\" class=\"wp-image-482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/500px-Tom_Bells_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg_.png 500w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/500px-Tom_Bells_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg_-300x185.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong>This graph , created by Tom Bell, shows the expansion of U.S. copyright law over the years. The Copyright Act of 1909 is listed in yellow. <\/strong><br>Tom Bell. &#8220;Expansion of U.S.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copyright_term\">copyright term<\/a>&nbsp;(assuming authors create their works at age 35 and live for seventy years)&#8221;  Wiki Commons. November 27, 2008. Accessed October 29, 2019. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States#\/media\/File:Tom_Bell&#8217;s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg<strong><br><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was a this point that the jukebox would gain another key advantage in the selection\/rejection process due to their cheapness to operate and profitability. [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Record Sales in the First Decades of the 19th-Century<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, with the introduction of <strong>Prohibition in 1920<\/strong>, many saloons, bars, and other spaces for entertainment had to severely reduce their operations or close their doors entirely. This, coupled with the advent and rise in popularity of the radio, made many question the direction of &#8220;coin-operated phonographs,&#8221; player pianos, and other music-playing devices. [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1  aligncenter wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"615\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/speakeasy_2-1024x615.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"488\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/speakeasy_2\/\" class=\"wp-image-488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/speakeasy_2-1024x615.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/speakeasy_2-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/speakeasy_2-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/speakeasy_2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong>A 1920s speakeasy known as the &#8220;Hunt Club.&#8221; Here, it was common to listen to ragtime and swing music. <\/strong><br><em>Margaret Bourke-White &#8211;<\/em> &#8220;Prohibition Photos Inside the Speakeasies of New York in 1933.&#8221;  The LIFE Picture Collection\/Getty Images. Accessed October 29, 2019. <br> <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/3613626\/prohibition-photos-inside-the-speakeasies-of-new-york-in-1933\/\">https:\/\/time.com\/3613626\/prohibition-photos-inside-the-speakeasies-of-new-york-in-1933\/<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Records versus the Radio in the Prohibition and Depression Eras<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the competition between radio and the record, the Great Depression seemed to give radio and advantage, as radio was able to still be funded by advertising, whereas records were not.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The radio and the phonograph enjoyed a strangely symbiotic relationship. As more Americans listened to the radio, they became accustomed to enjoying a wide variety of music. Further, developments made to the radio allowed for audio technology to increase across all industries, an improvement that would also be utilized by the phonograph. [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the Great Depression, record sales took a toll, and the fate of the phonograph appeared to be uncertain. Thankfully however, many major record companies were bought out by already successful radio networks, such as Colombia Broadcasting System (CBS), allowing them to flourish. [6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Record Album and Billboard<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the <strong>Great Depression<\/strong>, the radio proved to be a formidable piece of competition for the jukebox, as it too &#8220;ceased to be a novelty.&#8221; As stated previously, the buy-out of many record producers by the radio network actually helped promote the music industry, and therefore, the jukebox.  [7] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1930s, one of the most popular genres of music was swing. A notable producer of swing records was Decca Records, who, at the time, were the unit volume sales leader in the industry. Interestingly, this was the same year that saw the introduction of modern record albums, and by 1937, <strong>Billboard<\/strong> would begin its &#8220;<strong>Week&#8217;s Best Record<\/strong>&#8221; category. [8] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Billboard played an important role in the growth of the jukebox, as jukebox companies took out many advertisements in their magazines. Jukebox advertising in <em>Billboard <\/em>would be prominent well into the 1960s, as seen below. Note that the ad for the Rock-Ola jukebox still refers to the machine as a &#8220;phonograph.&#8221;  [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2  aligncenter wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Wurlitzer-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb1-1-719x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"711\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/billboard-1965-05-15-wurlitzer-jukebox-ad-mcrfb1-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Wurlitzer-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb1-1-719x1024.jpg 719w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Wurlitzer-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb1-1-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Wurlitzer-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb1-1-768x1094.jpg 768w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Wurlitzer-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb1-1.jpg 1240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong>Wurlitzer Jukebox Advertisement in Billboard Magazine, 1965. <\/strong><br>&#8220;Now the Greatest Wurlitzer Discoteque Music.&#8221; (Motor City Radio Flashbacks, May 15, 1965.) Accessed October 30, 2019. https:\/\/www.mcrfb.com\/?cat=609<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Rock-OLa-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb-719x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"713\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/billboard-1965-05-15-rock-ola-jukebox-ad-mcrfb\/\" class=\"wp-image-713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Rock-OLa-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb-719x1024.jpg 719w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Rock-OLa-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Rock-OLa-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb-768x1094.jpg 768w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1965-05-15-Rock-OLa-Jukebox-Ad-mcrfb.jpg 1240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong>Rock-Ola Jukebox Advertisement in Billboard Magazine, 1965. <\/strong><br>&#8220;Rock-Ola Makes Phonographs That Keep You Happy!&#8221; (Motor City Radio Flashbacks, May 15, 1965.) Accessed October 30, 2019.<br>https:\/\/www.mcrfb.com\/?cat=609<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-01-29-Rowe-Bandstand-Juke-mcrfb3-738x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"716\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/billboard-1966-01-29-rowe-bandstand-juke-mcrfb3\/\" class=\"wp-image-716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-01-29-Rowe-Bandstand-Juke-mcrfb3-738x1024.jpg 738w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-01-29-Rowe-Bandstand-Juke-mcrfb3-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-01-29-Rowe-Bandstand-Juke-mcrfb3-768x1065.jpg 768w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-01-29-Rowe-Bandstand-Juke-mcrfb3.jpg 1240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong>Rowe Jukebox Advertisement in Billboard Magazine, 1966. <\/strong><br>&#8220;It&#8217;s Got the Beat&#8230;&#8221; (Motor City Radio Flashbacks, January 29, 1966.) Accessed October 30, 2019. https:\/\/www.mcrfb.com\/?cat=609<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-02-05-Wurlitzer-3000-Juke-Ad-mcrfb-738x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"717\" data-link=\"http:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/attachment\/billboard-1966-02-05-wurlitzer-3000-juke-ad-mcrfb\/\" class=\"wp-image-717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-02-05-Wurlitzer-3000-Juke-Ad-mcrfb-738x1024.jpg 738w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-02-05-Wurlitzer-3000-Juke-Ad-mcrfb-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-02-05-Wurlitzer-3000-Juke-Ad-mcrfb-768x1065.jpg 768w, https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Billboard-1966-02-05-Wurlitzer-3000-Juke-Ad-mcrfb.jpg 1240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><strong>Wurlitzer Jukebox Advertisement in Billboard Magazine, 1966.<\/strong><br>&#8220;Turns Any Spot into Funsville.&#8221;  (Motor City Radio Flashbacks, February 05, 1966.) Accessed October 30, 2019. https:\/\/www.mcrfb.com\/?cat=609<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tumultuous and Uncertain Times<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The early modern record industries, like the jukebox and music industries as a whole, existed in a rocky, gray space for the earliest decades of their existence. Through the tumultuous periods of Prohibition, the Great Depression, and World War Two, it was unclear whether or not the newly-formed record insures, which were necessary for the existence of the jukebox, would take off. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Without the early merge between radio and record companies, it is possible that the industry as we knew it in the mid 20th-century would not have flourished in the way that it did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Importance of Advertising<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Advertising through publications such as <em>Billboard <\/em>was crucial in promoting musical artists and jukeboxes alike, as advertisements grew public awareness and helped create a culture of individual music participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Desire for Music Genres<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the record industry, and, by default, jukeboxes, were able to grow because of public desire for modern music in the genres of ragtime, swing, jazz, and eventually, rock &amp; roll. Importantly, record companies offered platforms for artists to spread their music &#8211; eventually in the form of long-playing (LP) albums. The increasingly fast-paced nature of the music industry worked hand-in-hand with the spread of phonographs and eventually jukeboxes, as individuals had the ability to choose exactly what new music they wished to listen to &#8211; something that the radio could not offer them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">1. Katie Kitamura,&nbsp;<em>A Separation<\/em>&nbsp;(New York: Riverhead Books,2017), 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Kerry Segrave,&nbsp;<em>Jukeboxes: An American Social History&nbsp;<\/em>(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002), 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[2]  &#8220;The House Report 1 on the Copyright Act of 1909&#8221;  (February, 1909),  1. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111020035955\/http:\/\/ipmall.info\/hosted_resources\/lipa\/copyrights\/The%20House%20Report%201%20on%20the%20Copyright%20Act%20of%201909.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111020035955\/http:\/\/ipmall.info\/hosted_resources\/lipa\/copyrights\/The%20House%20Report%201%20on%20the%20Copyright%20Act%20of%201909.pdf<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Segrave. 39.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[4] Ibid. 49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[5] Ibid. 42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[6] Ibid. 49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[7] A Voice, &#8220;History of the Record Industry&#8221; (Medium, June 07, 2014) Accessed October 29, 2019.  <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@Vinylmint\/history-of-the-record-industry-1877-1920s-48deacb4c4c3\">https:\/\/medium.com\/@Vinylmint\/history-of-the-record-industry-1877-1920s-48deacb4c4c3<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[8]  Steven Long, Derek Jacques, Paula Kepos, Stephen V. Beitel, and Ed Dinger, eds,&nbsp;<em>Nielsen Business Media, Inc<\/em>.&nbsp;<em>International Directory of Company Histories<\/em>&nbsp;(St. James Press, September 11, 2013), 260-265.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">[8] Ibid.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Columbia Phonograph Companies As the popularity of the coin-in-slot phonograph rose in the 1880s and 1890s, requests began to form from showmen for records of songs and instrumental music. This demand gave birth to the first &#8220;modern&#8221; record company, the Columbia Phonograph Company, who produced wax cylinders. [1] The Copyright Act of 1909 Because &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/early-record-companies\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Early Record Companies&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-228","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=228"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":855,"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228\/revisions\/855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/historyoftech.mcclurken.org\/jukebox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}