Documentary

“The Music Machine” Documentary

Transcript:

Please view the transcript of our documentary below:

SCENE ONE: INTERVIEWS

Vintage music begins playing.

Jack Sweetak: How do you listen to music?

Caroline Pagano: I listen to music with music apps like Spotify, Apple Music, and Sound Cloud with my phone using headphones, or in the car.

Jack Landers: I listen on my phone through Spotify on my headphones or through a speaker, or in my car.

Maya Levin: Spotify, or through my headphones, or I listen in the car with my friends.

Matthew Pron: I use Apple Music and Spotify. Most of the time it’s just on my phone or on my laptop.

Jack Sweetak: When you hear the word “jukebox,” what do you think of?

Caroline Pagano: Older music, like my grandparents, like what they listened to music off of.

Jack Landers: Like an old diner, or like an old club back in the 50s.

Maya Levin: I think of like, the 50s or 60s. Usually, you pay for music.

Matthew Pron: I think of my mountain house. We have a jukebox with a bunch of 60s and 70s music in it, and it just reminds me of being around my family and stuff like that.

Jack Sweetak: Have you ever listened to a jukebox in real life?

Caroline Pagano: No, I don’t believe so.

Jack Landers: I have. There’s a barbecue place in my town that has a jukebox in it that I used to play as a kid.

Maya Levin: I have, downtown in Fredericksburg.

Matthew Pron: Yeah, all the time, when I’m up in the Poconos with my family, we just play it and we have like, family shuffleboard competitions and stuff and we just play like a bunch of old music, and it reminds me of good times with my family.

Jack Sweetak: As you can tell from the interviews, the jukebox is no longer a common form of listening to music. 

However, in mid-century America, the jukebox was a quintessential piece of the American social landscape that played a pivotal role in shaping adolescent and popular culture of the time. 

While this music-playing machine is now not commonly found in restaurants today, the jukebox was an important early way in which Americans gained control over the music that they consumed and listened to. Let’s learn about the history of the jukebox!

SCENE TWO: INVENTION & DEVELOPMENT

Narrator: (Glynnis Farleigh)

On November 23, 1898, inventor Louis Glass would premier the world’s first “coin-in-slot phonograph” at San Francisco’s “Palais Royal Saloon,” playing songs off of a small selection of wax cylinders that listeners could enjoy one-at-a-time using earphones, and earning $1,000 in nickels in its first month. 

If the name “coin-in-slot phonograph” sounds unfamiliar, that’s because it is. Over the course of the next couple of decades, these music-playing devices would first be nicknamed “automatic entertainers” – not jukeboxes. 

The name “jukebox” would not come about until the late 1930s – sometime between 1937 and 1940 – as southern Americans began to refer to restaurants and diners that carried the machines as “jook” joints, based on the Gullah word for “rowdy” or “disorderly.” 

While companies would continue to officially advertise their machines as “phonographs” well into the 1960s and 1970s, the nickname “jukebox” refers to the music machines just as effectively.

So how did the jukebox, as we know it, come to be? 

In the 1870s, Thomas Edison invented a mechanism for recording human speech – essentially for recorded music. By 1885, Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumer Tainter would improve on this technology with their “graphophone,” which could play music by “floating a stylus over wax cylinders – the first form of recorded music used in the phonograph.

Next would be the addition of a “vending machine component,” first done by Louis Glass, which allowed individuals to play and hear songs on their own with just a coin. Interestingly, vending machines had actually existed for thousands of years, as they were first used in Ancient Egypt as “holy-water dispensers.”

At the turn-of-the-century, phonographs were popular as both cheap entertainments and as a convenient way to listen to popular music. While the player piano, another form of automatic entertainment, was a fair competition to the phonograph, it eventually lost the selection/rejection process with the rise of the record industry. 

Narrator: (Reilly Miller) Before the jukebox, individuals primarily listened to music at live, formal or informal concert venues. In addition to the key pieces of technology discussed, technological antecedents to the jukebox include player pianos – another form of “automatic entertainer,” as well as decorative music boxes that were popular centuries prior. Regardless, the jukebox filled a need in the popular culture that had not yet been met. 

Narrator: (Glynnis Farleigh) The record industry grew alongside the development of recordable and playable sound. While initially successful on its own and enjoying yearly profits of $106 million in 1921, the young record industry struggled in the 1920s due to Prohibition, and eventually, the Great Depression. When matters looked bleak for the record industry, and, by extension, the jukebox, Colombia Broadcasting System, or CBS, radio network purchased major record companies, and, by default, allowed the jukebox to remain in the public sphere.

Ultimately, the jukebox proved to be cost-effective for businesses and customers, as businesses could make quick profits on entertainment without hiring costly live music, and customers could quickly and cheaply enjoy their favorite music like never before.

While the radio was a strong form of competition for the phonograph, the phonograph allowed individuals to listen to music on-demand, rather than on the schedule of a radio station. Eventually, the increasingly fast-paced nature of the music industry would urge companies to produce better and more capable jukeboxes, allowing these devices to enter into a  Golden Age in the postwar period.

SCENE THREE: POPULARITY & GOLDEN AGE

Narrator: (Jack Sweetak) So just what did the Golden Age of the jukebox look like?

During World War Two, jukebox production was temporarily halted in order for companies to produce goods for the war effort. However, in 1946, production would resume, and the “Big Four” jukebox companies – Wurlitzer, Seeburg, Rockola, and AMI would enjoy many years of success. 

Wurlitzer, a  German music company became prominent in America when they manufactured drums and other instruments for the US military in the 17th-century. In 1933, recognizing the success of “automatic entertainers,” they would introduce their first coin-operated phonograph. By 1937, Wurlitzer had sold over 100,000 phonograph – dominating the jukebox business. 

Wurlitzer’s biggest competition, Seeburg, also got their start with the manufacture of player pianos, but in 1928, Swedish-born Justus P. Seeburg would invent the “autophone” – a Ferris-wheel style eight-selection jukebox. Seeburg posed major competition for Wurlitzer when they eventually manufactured a jukebox that could play 50 records – or 100 sides – at once. 

A third company, Rockola, began when David Colin Rockola saw lucrative business opportunities by manufacturing slot machines – one of the key technological components of the jukebox. By 1935, Rockola had transitioned into phonograph manufacturing after he produced his own record selection mechanism that would provide competition for Wurlitzer and Seeburg. 

Despite a failed $1 million lawsuit against Rockola by Wurlitzer in the late 1930s, Rockola would enjoy success in the jukebox industry, with their 1422, 1426, and 1428 models being most recognizable. 

The last of the “Big Four” companies was AMI, originally known as Rowe Manufacturing Company. Currently, AMI is one of the few remaining companies that produce a modern version of the jukebox.

All of the “Big Four” companies saw ways to enter the lucrative phonograph industry due to either their history in the music industry or due to their capacity for making components used in the jukebox. 

But what about the role of the jukebox in American culture?

After World War Two, Americans desired a sense of freedom and stability that had not been present during the War, the Great Depression, or Prohibition. With this stability came the emergence of new cultures – specifically meant for children and teenagers.

Young Americans sought “hang-out spots,” such as restaurants and diners, where they could partake in popular music culture.

The same sense of stability that created a new form of youth culture allowed the jukebox to prosper without the constraints of Prohibition, the Great Depression, or World War Two.

At the height of its popularity, the jukebox did not have to “compete” with the radio as it did in the 1930s, but rather, was a popular trend sweeping the nation. Younger generations enjoyed listening to rock n roll, and the popularity of 45 rpm singles skyrocketed. 

While the longterm popular success of the jukebox was short-lived as new music-playing devices were invented in the late 1960s and onward, the jukebox will forever remain an iconic staple of the American 1950s landscape, whose success was very much in line with the trends and fads of the era.

SCENE FOUR: COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES & DECLINE

Narrator: (Reilly Miller) How exactly did the jukebox decline? Let’s take a look at competing pieces of technology.

To begin, the vinyl record started to fall out of favor as alternatives were invented, due to its sensitivity to wear and tear, humidity, heat, dust, and the likelihood of cracking.

The introduction of the portable radio, followed by the cassette tape and tape deck, proved to be competition to the jukebox.

Because these inventions could travel anywhere, Americans had the ability to take popular music with them at all times. Instead of going to a restaurant or diner to listen to popular music, people could simply listen to their favorite bands and songs on a specific cassette tape. 

As early as 1974, Wurlitzer stopped producing jukeboxes after they released the 1050 model. Even so, this model was not lucrative enough to revitalize their role in the market, so the company left the market entirely – after decades of involvement with “automatic entertainers” and the jukebox.

Wurlitzer’s exit from the market caused the number of jukeboxes made to decline to only 25,000 a year globally. This is a significant decline compared to the almost 700,000 jukeboxes produced in the United States in the 1950s.

Just as its development and rise to popularity took over a number of decades, the decline of the jukebox too, took a number of decades. Each new music-playing and entertainment device offered additional assets of portability, personalization, and ease that the jukebox could not. 

As companies left the jukebox market in pursuit of modern alternatives, the existing jukeboxes themselves saw a steep decline in profit. By 1980, jukeboxes made lower profits due to costlier vinyl records, rising royalty fees, and declining public interest.

SCENE FIVE: THE CONTEMPORARY JUKEBOX, 1980S-TODAY

Narrator: (Reilly Miller) So what happened to the “Big Four” jukebox companies, and where, if at all, is the jukebox today?

Despite the decline of the jukebox by the 1970s, it is still possible to see “modern” versions of the jukebox today, due to modern technologies being used to create “new” jukeboxes that borrow select components from their mid-century antecedents.

One example of this is the “TouchTunes” digital jukeboxes that utilize a touch screen and music databases. Like jukeboxes of the past, they can be found wall-mounted in restaurants, bars, and entertainment centers. AMI, one of the “Big Four” jukebox companies, also manufacture these devices.

So, how do we remember the jukebox?

While the word “jukebox” itself has a slightly muddled history, with debate existing over the exact origins of the meaning of the word “juke,” it has now come to be synonymous with a time of mid-century American popular culture. 

In the figurative sense, “jukebox” can now refer to a sense of popular culture from days past – such as the memory of listening to music with friends or family, or the bright lights and music that embodied the lighter aspects of the 1950s.

While many jukeboxes live on forever in museums, “living” models can still be found today, both in select classic models, as well as the digitized models made by TouchTunes and AMI/Rowe. 

The presence of these jukeboxes, even if they are few in numbers and “just for fun,” are connected to the strong impact held by the jukebox in American popular culture and memory.

Between its beautiful glittering colors, and the memories attached to listening to swing, jazz, and rock n roll music, the jukebox holds a special place in mid-20th-century nostalgia. 

SCENE SIX: END CREDITS

Website, Script, Filming, and Editing Done By:

Glynnis Farleigh, Reilly Miller, and Jack Sweetak

Interviewees:

Caroline Pagano, Jack Landers, Maya Levin, and Matthew Pron

Video Filmed Using:

Canon Rebel DSLR Camera

Audio Recorded Using: 

Logic Pro in the HCC Recording Studio

Edited Using:

iMovie

Information Citations:

Almind, Gert J. The History of Coin-Operated Phonographs, 1888-1998. Gert J. Almind, 2009. https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/upload/Jukebox_History_rm2.pdf

AMI. The Facilities of AMI Incorporated. Walker B. Sherriff Company. (Chicago, Illinois. 1949). Accessed October 29, 2019. http://www.jukeboxhistory.info/ami/history/facilities_of_ami.pdf

“Antique Apparatus CD Jukebox.” 1stdibs. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://www.1stdibs.com/furniture/more-furniture-collectibles/collectibles-curiosities/musical-instruments/antique-apparatus-cd-jukebox/id-f_4890813/.

Archives, Charlie Dean. YouTube. YouTube, August 23, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wvJj3J04aE.

Associated Press. “The Jukebox, It Seems, Is a Hit of the Past.” The New York Times. July 21, 1982. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/21/garden/the-jukebox-it-seems-is-a-hit-of-the-past.html

Barol, Bill. “The Wurlitzer 1015.” American Heritage. October, 1989. 28.

Bell, Tom. “Expansion of U.S. copyright term (assuming authors create their works at age 35 and live for seventy years)” Wiki Commons. November 27, 2008. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States#/media/File:Tom_Bell’s_graph_showing_extension_of_U.S._copyright_term_over_time.svg

Blitz, Matt. “How the Jukebox Got Its Groove” Popular Mechanics. June 6, 2016. Accessed September 9, 2019. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a21127/how-the-jukebox-got-its-groove/ 

Boehlert, Eric. “Put Another Nickel In.” Billboard. November 1, 1994. 92.

Bunch, William. Jukebox America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

By, Walter S. “Now that’s Portable — Nomad Jukebox Holds More than 1,500 Songs.” Wall Street Journal. September 14, 2000. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://umw.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/398762540?accountid=12299.

“CD vs Vinyl Record.” Diffen. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.diffen.com/difference/CD_vs_Vinyl_Record.

Clayman, Andrew. “Rock-Ola MFG Corp History.” Made In Chicago Museum. 2019. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://www.madeinchicagomuseum.com/single-post/Rock-Ola

“Columbia Phonograph Co., Portland, ca. 1912” Maine Memory Network. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://www.mainememory.net/artifact/11163

Companies That Made Jukeboxes. Jitterbuzz. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://www.jitterbuzz.com/jukeboxes_companies.html#compa

Cullinane, Kevin E. “Jukebox Sales are Booming to Beat of CDs.” Wall Street Journal. September 2, 1992. Accessed September 25, 2019.  https://umw.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/398358268?accountid=12299.

Fallon, Katy. “Design Classic: The Wurlitzer 1015 Jukebox.” Financial Times. June 02, 2017. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://umw.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1915368681?accountid=12299.

Gruber, Edward, photographer. Conversion. Jukebox plant. Rudolph Wurlitzer, North Tonawanda, New York. New York: Niagara County North Tonawanda. February 1942. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017690800/.

“Jukebox – Dead Media Archive.” Culture and Communication. 2010. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php/Jukebox“Jukebox.”

Jukebox – Encyclopedia.com Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/computers-and-electrical-engineering/computers-and-computing/jukebox

“Jukebox.” Jukebox – Engineering and Technology History Wiki. Accessed September 26, 2019. https://ethw.org/

Jukebox.“Jukeboxes: The Complete History.” Home Leisure Direct. October 07, 2015. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://www.homeleisuredirect.com/blog/jukeboxes/jukeboxes-complete-history.html

Long, Steven, and Derek Jacques, Paula Kepos, Stephen V. Beitel, and Ed Dinger, eds. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. International Directory of Company Histories. September 11, 2013. 260-265.

Long, Tony . “Nov. 23, 1889: S.F. Gin Joint Hears World’s First Jukebox.” Wired. November 23, 2010. Accessed October 29, 2019.

Lynch, Vincent and Bill Henkin. Jukebox The Golden Age: 1937-1948. Berkeley, CA: Lancaster-Miller, 1981.

McCabe, Allyson. “After the Vinyl Revival, The Vinyl-Playing Jukebox Is Back.” NPR. January 26, 2018. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2018/01/26/579086880/after-the-vinyl-revival-the-vinyl-playing-jukebox-is-back 

Mendelsohn, Ink. “The Jukebox Still Rocks: The Grandest Dancing Partner Turns 100.” Chicago Tribune (1963-1996), Feb 26, 1989. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://umw.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1019097750?accountid=12299.

“Music Network and Customer Engagement Platform.” AMI Entertainment. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://amientertainment.com/.

Musical Treasures of Miami. “4A Overture Boxes.” Musical Treasures of Miami. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://musicaltreasuresofmiami.com/4a-overture-boxes.html

Musical Treasures of Miami. “6b Coin-Ops, The Edison Eclipse..” Musical Treasures of Miami. Accessed October 16, 2019. http://musicaltreasuresofmiami.com/6b-coin-ops.html.

Neal, Meghan. “The Smart Jukebox of the Future.” Motherboard: Tech By Vice. December 24, 2015. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wnx8mn/the-smart-jukebox-of-the-future

“Nicole Freres Grand Format Overture Music Box: 4A Overture Boxes.” Musical Treasures of Miami. Accessed October 29, 2019.  http://musicaltreasuresofmiami.com/4a-overture-boxes.html

“Now the Greatest Wurlitzer Discoteque Music.” Motor City Radio Flashbacks, May 15, 1965. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.mcrfb.com/?cat=609

Nunziata, Susan. “Portable CD Player Market Seeing Runaway Success.” Billboard 102, no. 7 (Feb 17, 1990): 1. https://umw.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/226978527?accountid=12299.

“NGX-32.” AMI Entertainment. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://amientertainment.com/classic-ngx/.

“Original 1940s Wurlitzer 1015 Vinyl Jukebox” Games Room Company. Accessed October 28, 2019. https://www.gamesroomcompany.com/1940s-wurlitzer-1015-vinyl-jukebox

Prelinger Archives: A Visit to Wurlitzer. 1950. Accessed September 24, 2019. https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=98103&xtid=53884. 

Raga, Suzanne . “10 Retro, Rockin’ Facts You Might Not Know about Johnny Rockets.” Mental Floss. December 01, 2015. Accessed October 29, 2019. http://mentalfloss.com/article/71416/10-retro-rockin-facts-you-might-not-know-about-johnny-rockets

Rajkumar, R. “Ancient Coin-Operated Holy Water Dispensing Machine.” Elixir Of Knowledge. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.elixirofknowledge.com/2014/06/ancient-coin-operated-holy-water.html.

Recorded Sound: The Dream Becomes a Reality. 1999. Accessed September 24, 2019. https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=98103&xtid=10881. 

“Rock-Ola Makes Jukebox Designs Groove with SolidWorks.” Business Wire, Dec 17, 2007. https://umw.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/444803169?accountid=12299.

“Rock-Ola Makes Phonographs That Keep You Happy!” Motor City Radio Flashbacks, May 15, 1965. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.mcrfb.com/?cat=609Segrave,

Kerry. Jukeboxes: An American Social History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 2002.

Steffen, David J. From Edison to Marconi: The First Thirty Years of Recorded Music. Jefferson, N.C.: Mc Farland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2005. 

Team, VF. “Revenue from US Vinyl Sales Climbs to 30 Year High.” The Vinyl Factory, March 1, 2019. https://thevinylfactory.com/news/us-vinyl-sales-revenue-30-year-high/.

“The History of the CD – The Beginning – Research.” Philips. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html.

“Timeline: History: Tools & Resources  : National Recording Preservation Plan  : Programs at the Library of Congress :  Library of Congress.” The Library of Congress. Accessed September 26, 2019. https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-plan/tools-and-resources/history/timeline/.

“Tinfoil Phonograph.” Thomas A. Edison Papers. Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences. October 28, 2016. Accessed October 29, 2019.  http://edison.rutgers.edu/tinfoil.htm

“TouchTunes.” TouchTunes. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://www.touchtunes.com/.“

Turns Any Spot into Funsville.” Motor City Radio Flashbacks, February 05, 1966. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.mcrfb.com/?cat=609

Vachon, John. “Farm Boys and Girls Dancing to a Jukebox at Mary’s Place on U.S. Highway 29 Near Charlottesville, Virginia.” United States: Virginia, March 1943. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017848140/

“Vinyl Rocket Jukebox with Bluetooth and Coin Box.” Crosley Radio. Accessed October 30, 2019. http://www.crosleyradio.com/jukeboxes/product-details?productkey=CR1210A&model=CR1210A-BK.

Wayman, Stan . “Student Stephen Lapekas (2R) Playing a Song on a Juke Box.” 1958. The LIFE Picture Collection/ Getty Images. Accessed October 29, 2019. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/student-stephen-lapekas-playing-a-song-on-a-juke-box-news-photo/50403303

White, Margaret Bourke. “Prohibition Photos Inside the Speakeasies of New York in 1933.” The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images. Accessed October 29, 2019. 

Wilson, Tracy V. . “How Play-Doh Works.” HowStuffWorks. July 19, 2000. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/play-doh.htm

Wurlitzer – About Wurlitzer Jukebox Company. Accessed September 26, 2019. http://archive.gibson.com/Products/Wurlitzer/jukebox museum/history/. 

“Wurlitzer All Time Jukebox Hits.” Wurlitzer All Time Jukebox Hits. Accessed October 30, 2019. http://archive.gibson.com/Products/Wurlitzer/Jukebox Museum/All Time Jukebox Hits/.

1953. Timeline of Computer History.” Computer History Museum. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1953/

6B Phonographs: The Edison Eclipse.” Musical Treasures of Miami. Accessed October 29, 2019

Music Citations

“Del Reeves / A Dime At A Time.” Del Reeves / A Dime At A Time. Youtube, January 8, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlPZjWk2qA.

“Juke Box Baby (Remastered).” Juke Box Baby (Remastered). Youtube, November 6, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nh3vXOxgK2M.

“Foreigner – Jukebox Hero (Official Lyric Video).” Foreigner – Jukebox Hero (Official Lyric Video). Youtube, July 9, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fr6KVNt-1Ek.

“George Jones – You Must Have Walked Across My Mind Again (1983).” George Jones – You Must Have Walked Across My Mind Again (1983). Youtube, June 26, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0QeXwCcdyQ.

“Joan Jett- I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll.” Joan Jett- I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll. Youtube, September 22, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC8oP4Z_xPw.

“Little Richard – All Around the World (1958) [Digitally Remastered].” Little Richard – All Around the World (1958) [Digitally Remastered]. Youtube, June 22, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PurMspDDJA.

“Hound Dog (Audio).” Hound Dog (Audio). Youtube, June 4, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eHJ12Vhpyc.

Videos & Photos Used:

Interviews-

“Teenagers Dancing at University Settlement, 1944.” Cleveland Press Collection. Accessed November 17, 2019. http://images.ulib.csuohio.edu/cdm/ref/collection/press/id/7333.

“Cubao.” The Stellan Connection. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://thestellanconnection.com/cubao/.

“Jukebox Girls – Google Search: Jukebox, Retro Girls, Hollywood Stars.” Pinterest. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/57491332724300651/?lp=true.

“Jukebox Rentals – Jukeboxes For Rent, Los Angeles.” Jukebox Rentals – Jukeboxes For Rent, Los Angeles. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://jukeboxesforrent.com/.

“High Gloss American Diner Furniture With 4 Seaters – Buy High Gloss Coffee Table,12 Seater Dining Table,American Diner Furniture Product on Alibaba.com.” www.alibaba.com. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/High-Gloss-American-Diner-Furniture-With_60740115245.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.21.1b3f2cc5O9FXXc&s=p.

“American Diner.” FreeImages.com. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://www.freeimages.com/photo/american-diner-1210100.

The Invention and Rise to Popularity of the Jukebox-

Leonard, Carl. “The First Jukebox ‘Nickel-in-the-Slot Player’ Entertained Customers at the Palais Royale Saloon of San Francisco Today in 1889. Now WE Know Em.” nowweknowem.wordpress.com, November 23, 2013. https://nowweknowem.wordpress.com/2013/11/23/the-first-jukebox-nickel-in-the-slot-player-entertained-customers-at-the-palais-royale-saloon-of-san-francisco-today-in-1889-now-we-know-em/.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Cylinder Recording.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., July 6, 2016. https://www.britannica.com/technology/cylinder-recording.

“Revolutions in Sound Recording.” OpenLearn. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-and-technology/technology/revolutions-sound-recording/content-section-1.2.2.

MUSICAL TREASURES OF MIAMI. “6b COIN-OPS.” Accessed October 16, 2019. http://musicaltreasuresofmiami.com/6b-coin-ops.html.

“The Automatic Age: Coin-Operated Machines | SFO Museum.” Accessed October 16, 

2019. https://www.sfomuseum.org/exhibitions/automatic-age-coin-operated-machines/detail#1.

“Radio.” Radio :: Radio Sleneset. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://dj-stale.webnode.com/radio/.

Rockandrolljunkie.com, jnkingsberry on November 23, Jnkingsberry, comptoncracker on November 26, and Comptoncracker. “FEATURE: HISTORY OF THE JUKE JOINT.” rockandrolljunkie.com, June 15, 2015. https://rockandrolljunkie.com/2015/06/15/8086/.

“Diners, Black and White.” Kelly Povo! Photography. Accessed November 17, 2019. http://www.kellypovo.com/diners-2-black-and-white.

Jennifer Nardone. “Juke Joints.” Mississippi Encyclopedia. Center for Study of Southern Culture, May 1, 2018. https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/juke-joints/.

“National Jukebox Features Phonograph Advertising.” Phonograph Advertising | National Jukebox LOC.gov. Accessed November 17, 2019. http://www.loc.gov/jukebox/features/victor-advertising.

“Musikbox Seeburg Jukebox.” Jukebox. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://www.jukebox-world.de/Forum/Archiv/Seeburg/SeeburgAudiophone.htm.

“Tinfoil Phonograph – The Edison Papers.” Accessed October 16, 2019. http://edison.rutgers.edu/tinfoil.htm.

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“Photophone Receiver, Bell and Tainter, 1881 – Stock Image – C033/4514.” Science Photo Library. Accessed November 17, 2019. https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/814019/view/photophone-receiver-bell-and-tainter-1881.

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The Golden Age of the Jukebox-

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Competing Technologies and Decline of the Jukebox-

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The Jukebox Today-

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